qienxs.cc 
(21) Moore，Missouri Controversy; “Mr．King's Speeches，”NR，December 4，1819; JQA，February 20，1820，4: 528—529; Stuart Leiberger，“Thomas Jefferson and the Missouri Crisis: An Alternative Interpretation，”JER 17，no．1（1997）: 121—130．
(22) Daniel Webster et al.，A Memorial to the Congress of the United States，on the Subject of Restraining the Increase of Slavery in States to Be Admitted to the Union（Bos-ton，1819）; Joseph D．Learned，A View of the Policy of Permitting Slaves in the States West of the Mississippi（Baltimore，1820）; William Plumer，quoted in Sean Wilentz，The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln（New York，2005），231．
(23) JQA，February 11，1820，4: 524，July 5，1819，4: 398．
(24) JQA，February 24，1820，4: 530—531．
(25) Wilentz，Rise of American Democracy，232—234; Matthew Mason，“The Maine and Missouri Crisis: Competing Priorities and Northern Slavery Politics in the Early Republic，”JER 33，no．4（2013）: 675—700．
(26) Matthew Crocker，“The Missouri Compromise，the Monroe Doctrine，and the Southern Strategy，”Journal of the West 43（2004）: 45—52．The crisis was not over．Missouri passed a state constitution banning free people of African descent-violating，said free-state congressmen，the US Constitution's “rights and privileges”clause．
(27) Francis Fedric，Slave Life in Virginia and Kentucky，Or，Fifty Years of Slavery…（London，1853），47—51; Harry Smith，Fifty Years of Slavery in the United States of America（Grand Rapids，MI，1891），37—38; cf．L．A．Horton to R．Horton，October 3，1830，Wyche-Otey papers，SHC，reporting Alabama cornshucking; Roger D．Abrahams，Singing the Master: The Emergence of African-American Culture in the Plantation South（New York，1992）．
(28) Shane White and Graham White，The Sounds of Slavery: Discovering African American History Through Songs，Sermons，and Speech（Boston，2006），66—68; “Dark，”Frank Monefee，AS，6．1（AL），280; “Speculator，”Eliza Washington，AS，11．1（AR），52; “Polk，”Joseph Holmes，AS，6．1（AL），193; “Boss man，”Lucindy Jurdon，AS，6．1（AL），243．
(29) Henry Walker，AS，11．1（AR），34; Eliza Washington，AS，11．1（AR），52．
(30) Fedric，Slave Life，50—51．
(31) Josiah Henson，Truth Stranger Than Fiction: Father Henson's Story of His Own Life（Boston，1858），6—7; Benjamin Latrobe，Impressions Respecting New Orleans: Diary and Sketches，1818—1820，ed．Samuel Wilson Jr．（New York，1951），49—51; William Wells Brown，My Southern Home，Or the South and Its People（Boston，1880），121—124; Dena Epstein，Sinful Tunes and Spirituals: Black Folk Music to the Civil War（Urbana，IL，1977），95—99; Cf．Henry B．Fearon，Sketches of America: A Narrative of a Journey of Five Thousand Miles Through the Eastern and Western States of America（London，1819），276—278; Henry C．Knight，Letters from the South and West（Boston，1824），127; Freddi W．Evans，Congo Square: African Roots in New Orleans（Lafayette，LA，2011）．
(32) James K．Kinnaird，“Who Are Our National Poets ” Knickerbocker Magazine 26（1845）: 331—341．
(33) Ibid．; Portia Maultsby，“Africanisms in African-American Music，”from Joseph Holloway，ed.，Africanisms in American Culture（Bloomington，IN，1990）．
(34) Eli Sagan，Citizens and Cannibals: The French Revolution，The Strug g le for Modernity，and the Origins of Ideological Terror（Lanham，MD，2001），187—190; Marshall Berman，All That Is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity（New York，1982）．A classic claim that African Americans were merely imitators，not creators，appears in Thomas Jefferson，Notes on the State of Virginia（New York，1984 [Library of America]），266—267; Cf．Ronald Radano，“Hot Fantasies: American Modernism and the Idea of Black Rhythm，”in Ronald Radano and Philip V．Bohlman，eds.，Music and the Racial I magination（Chicago，2000），459—480．This lack，the story im-plied，had consequences in the economic realm．Primitive economies were allegedly stuck on starvation-mode because incompletely realized individuals were unwilling to try new ideas，accepting stale orthodoxies rather than seeking growth through entrepreneurial innovation．
(35) Hattie Nettles，AS，6．1（AL），297—298; Eliza White，AS，6．1（AL），412; Solomon Northup，Twelve Years a Slave（Auburn，NY，1853），166—168．
(36) Sara Colquitt，AS，6．1（AL），88; White and White，Sounds of Slavery，67; William Piersen，Black Legacy: America's Hidden Heritage（Amherst，MA，1993）; George Tucker，Valley of Shenandoah，Or，Memoirs of the Graysons（New York，1824），2: 116—118; T．C．Thornton，An Inquiry into the History of Slavery; Its Introduction into the United States; Causes of Its Continuance; and Remarks upon the Abolition Tracts of William E.Channing，D.D.（Washington，DC，1841），120—122; John Bernard，Retrospections of America，1797—1811（New York，1887），207，214; Epstein，Sinful Tunes，139．
(37) George Strickland，AS，6．1（AL），359; Jacob D．Green，Narrative of the Life of J. D. Green（Huddersfield，UK，1864），12—13．
(38) J．W．Loguen，The Rev. J. W. Loguen as a Slave and a Freeman（Syracuse，NY，1859），115; Northup，Twelve Years a Slave，216—222; Albert Murray，“Improvisation and the Creative Process，”in Robert O'Meally，ed.，The Jazz Cadence of American Life（New York，1998），111—113．
(39) William D．Piersen，personal communication; Northup，Twelve Years a Slave，180—182; Cf．Tommie Shelby，We Who Are Dark: The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity（Cambridge，MA，2005）．
(40) Eric Lott，Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class（New York，1993）; David Roediger，Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class（New York，1991）．
(41) Robert Cantwell，Bluegrass Breakdown: The Making of the Old Southern Sound（Urbana，IL，1984）．
(42) Ball，Slavery in the United States，122—124，382．
(43) John Hope Franklin and Loren F．Schweniger，Runaway Slaves: Rebels on the Plantation（New York，1999），279．
第6章
(1) Hettie Mitchell，AS，10．5（AR），111; Nicey [West ]，AS，6．1（AL），324; Foster Weathersby，AS，S1，10．5（MS），2228; Toby James，AS，4．2（TX），250; Smith Wilson，AS，S2，10．9（TX），4239．
(2) Robert Falls，AS，16．6（TN），13; Rezin Williams，AS，16．3（MD），76—77; Marilda Pethy，AS，11．2（MO），277; Nancy East，16．4（OH），35．Here is a crucial point to understand: formerly enslaved people interviewed in the 1930s，most of them illiterate，used the same terminology one finds in pre-emancipation published narratives．Since the former were unlikely to have learned the terminology from narratives to which they did not have access，their words，though chronologically newer，actually transmit an older set of terms and ideas about slavery，one originating prior to the narratives published between the 1830s and 1860s．In fact，the vernacular history of slavery shaped around the fires of the southwestern plantations，and passed on to children who would use such terms in the 1930s interviews，shaped the ideas and expressions used by the fugitive narrators who wrote nineteenth-century autobiographies．
(3) Lawrence J．Kotlikoff，“The Structure of Slave Prices in New Orleans，1804 to 1862，”Economic Inquiry 17（1979）: 496—518．By comparison，if we look at the cost of the labor it would have taken to buy a slave，in 2014 dollars the 1820 slave would cost between ＄230，000 and ＄500，000，depending on the assumptions and algorithms used．This makes one “hand”the cost-equivalent of an ordinary 2014 American single-family house in the less pricey realestate markets．See zhaiyuedu.com，[domain] December 27，2013．
(4) BD，＃ 423; Jonathan Pritchett and Herman Freudenberger，“The Domestic United States Slave Trade: New Evidence，”Journal of Interdisciplinary History 21（1991）: 448; Richmond Enquirer，March 26，1829; US Department of Commerce，US Census Bureau，1830 US Census of Population，R174/p 217．
(5) Cf．Pritchett and Freudenberger，“Domestic United States Slave Trade．”My database records all 5，500-odd interstate slave sales in New Orleans between the summer of 1829 and the end of 1831，whether or not they are associated with certificates．
(6) HALL; Louis Hughes，Thirty Years a Slave: The Institution of Slavery as Seen on the Plantation and in the Home of a Planter（Milwaukee，WI，1897），11．
(7) David Hackett Fischer and James Kelly，Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement（Richmond，1993），137．
(8) Henry C．Knight，Letters from the South and West（Boston，1824），101—102; Robert Falls，AS，16．6（TN），13．
(9) Jacob D．Green，Narrative of the Life of J. D. Green（Huddersfi eld，UK，1864），5; Frederick Douglass，My Bondage and My Freedom（New York，1855），448; Easton Star，November 27，1827，May 26，1829．
(10) Easton Star，September 27，1831; cf．Easton Star，April 12，1825，May 8，1827，November 27，1827，April 7，1829，May 28，1829，September 7，1830; Stanley Harrold，The Rise of Aggressive Abolitionism: Addresses to the Slaves（Lexington，KY，2004）; BD．Not all slaves sold in Kent County were from Kent County: many were like the fourteen-year-old girl named Anne，whom Caleb Dorsey brought across the Chesapeake from Anne Arundel County to sell to John Maydwell in the fall of 1830．
(11) Richard Watson，John Wesley，and John Dixon Long，Pictures of Slavery in Church and State（Philadelphia，1857）．
(12) William G．Shade，Democratizing the Old Dominion: The Second Party System in Virginia，1824—1861（Charlottesville，VA，1996），22．
(13) Herbert G．Gutman，Richard Sutch，Peter Temin，and Gavin Wright，Reckoning with Slavery: A Critical Study in the Quantitative History of American Negro Slavery（Oxford，1976），109—112; Michael Tadman，Speculators and Slaves: Masters，Traders，and Slaves in the Old South（Madison，WI，1989），301; Moses Grandy，Life of Moses Grandy，Late a Slave in the United States of America（Boston，1844），46．
(14) S．C．Archer to R．T．Archer，July 28，1833，Box 2E652，Fol．6，Richard T．Archer Papers，Center for American History，University of Texas at Austin．
(15) Harriet Jacobs，Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl，Written by Herself（Boston，1861）; Calvin Schermerhorn，Money over Mastery，Family over Freedom: Slavery in the Antebellum Up per South（Baltimore，2011）．
(16) Sarah Byrd，AS，12．1（GA），168; John Majewski，A House Dividing: Economic Development in Pennsylvania and Virginia Before the Civil War（Cambridge，UK，2000）; John Bezis Selfa，Forging America: Ironworkers，Adventurers，and the Industrious Revolution（Ithaca，NY，2004）; Ledger，1829—1855，Alfred Rives Papers，Duke．
(17) US Census Bureau，1830，R54/p429; Robert Falls，AS，16．6（TN），13; Viney Baker，AS，14．1（NC），71; Charley Barbour，AS，14．1（NC），76．
(18) Grandy，Life，44; Steven Deyle，Carry Me Back: The Domestic Slave Trade in American Life（New York，2005），98—99; Robert Gudmestad，A Troublesome Commerce: The Transformation of the Interstate Slave Trade（Baton Rouge，LA，2003），25—30; Frederick Douglass，“The Meaning of the Fourth of July for the Negro，”Selected Addresses of Frederick Douglass（Lanham，MD，2013）; Rezin Williams，AS，16．3（MD），76—77; Ethan A．Andrews，Slavery and the Domestic Slave-Trade in the United States（Boston，1836），80—81．
(19) Allen Parker，Recollections of Slavery Times（Worcester，MA，1895），9; BD．
(20) Robert Falls，AS，16．6（TN），13; B．S．King to Joel King，February 23，1824，Joel King Papers，Duke．
(21) Christopher Brown，Moral Capital: Foundations of British Abolitionism（Chapel Hill，NC，2006），165—206．
(22) David Brion Davis，The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution，1775—1820（Ithaca，NY，1975）; John C．Hammond and Matthew Mason，eds.，Contesting Slavery: The Politics of Bondage and Freedom in the New American Nation（Charlottesville，VA，2011）．
(23) JQA，9: 35; Robert Pierce Forbes，The Missouri Com promise and Its Aftermath: Slavery and the Meaning of America（Chapel Hill，NC，2007）; Lacy K．Ford，Deliver Us from Evil: The Slavery Question in the Old South（New York，2009），149; cf．Kari J．Winter，The American Dreams of John B.Prentis，Slave Trader（Athens，GA，2011）．
(24) Margaret Nickerson，AS，17（FL），251; Jane Sutton，AS，7．2（MS），152; Cora Gillam，AS，S2，1．3（AR），68; Adaline Montgomery，AS，S1，9．4（MS），1514; Lewis Brown，AS，8．1（AR），292; Grandy，Life，10—11．
(25) Jane Sutton，AS，7．2（MS），152; George Ward，AS，S1，10．5（MS），100; Harry Johnson，AS，4．2（TX），212—213; George Fleming，AS，S1，11（SC），127—133; Wil-liam Wells Brown，Narrative of William Wells Brown，a Fugitive Slave（Boston，1849），13; Edward E．Baptist，“‘Stol and Fetched Here ’: Enslaved Migration，Ex-Slave Narratives，and Vernacular History，”in Edward E．Baptist and Stephanie M．H．Camp，eds.，New Studies in the History of American Slavery（Athens，GA，2006），243—274; Charles L．Perdue Jr.，Thomas E．Barden，and Robert K．Phillips，eds.，Weevils in the Wheat: Interviews with Virginia Ex-Slaves（Charlottesville，VA，1976），115; Greta Elena Couper，An American Sculptor on the Grand Tour: The Life and Works of William Couper（1853—1942）（Los Angeles，1988）．Weevils in the Wheat refers to a 1907 statue of a Confederate soldier near the Norfolk docks．
(26) Helen Odom，AS，10．5（AR），227; Lettie Nelson，AS，10．5（AR），209; William Grose，NSV，83．On slaves' vernacular storytelling as the root of literary production，see William L．Andrews，To Tell a Free Story: The First Century of Afro-American Autobiography，1760—1865（Urbana，IL，1985）; Marion W．Starling，The Slave Narrative: Its Place in American History（Boston，1981，repr．of 1946 diss．）; Henry Louis Gates，Signifying Monkey: A Theory of Afro-American Literary Criticism（New York，1988）．
